Jericho
Jerusalem - Rusalimum, “dwelling-place of Shalim,” the Canaanite god of dawn.
Abraham
Beginning of Levitical Priesthood -- Exodus (David Rohl) & Tabernacle
Exodus (Kenneth Kitchen) & Tabernacle
Exodus (Late Date) & Tabernacle
Beginning of Israel’s Kings -- Saul
David
David captures Jerusalem
Solomon
First Temple constructed.
Beginning of Divided Kingdom
Beginning of Foreign Rule over Northern Kingdom -- Assyrians invade Northern Kingdom and first deportations.
Samaria captured by Assyrians and 27,290 deported according to cuneiform tablet.
Hezekiah’s Temple Reforms
Josiah’s Temple Reforms
Babylonians invade Southern Kingdom.
Beginning of Foreign Rule over Southern Kingdom -- First Temple destroyed & Babylonian exile begins.
Cyrus the Great invades Babylon and most of the population welcomes him.
Babylon - Cyrus II grants permission to build the Second Temple.
Temple on the Nile Island of Elephantine
Elephantine Temple
The Jews had their own temple to Yahweh that shows evidence of polytheistic beliefs and functioned alongside the Temple of Khnum (the Egyptian water god and the potter god of creation)
It existed when Cambyses of Persia came to Egypt in 525 BCE.
Judea – First stage of construction of Second Temple completed.
Decree of Darius - "The wise men among the soldiers, priests, and scribes -- assemble and write down all Egyptian laws."
Greece - Birth of Socrates.
Ezra appointed as Persian representative in Judea and takes Torah scroll and scroll of Persian laws to Judea.
The "Petition to Bagoas" (Sayce-Cowley collection) is a letter written in 407 BCE to Bagoas, the Persian governor of Judea, appealing for assistance in rebuilding the Jewish temple in Elephantine, which had recently been badly damaged by an antisemitic rampage on the part of a segment of the Elephantine community.
By the middle of the 4th century BCE, the temple at Elephantine had ceased to function
Alexander the Great invades Persian territories and takes control.
Canonization of the Nevi'im (Prophets)
Septuagint - Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made in Alexandria, Egypt
Babylon - First appearance of synagogues as places of study of the Torah.
Babylon - Earliest Targums written (paraphrases of the Torah).
Babylon - Early Torah sages: Antigonus of Sochoh, Jose ben Johanan of Jerusalem, Jose ben Joezer of Zereda in Samaria, Joshua ben Perahiah & Nittai of Arbel in Galilee, Simeon ben Shetah, and Judah ben Tabbai.
Judea annexed to Syria.
Judea - Book of Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach written.
Jerusalem High Priest Jason builds gymnasium in Jerusalem for Greek athletic games and education.
a Jewish Temple complex at Leontopolis
Leontopolis Temple
Built around 170 BCE and destroyed by Romans in 73 CE
http://archaeologynewsreport.blogspot.com/2008/09/jewish-temples-of-onias-elephantine-in.html
243 years would be nearer the mark. It was destroyed in 73 C.E. on the orders of Titus or Vespasian (ibid., 421), who feared that it might become the focus of further revolt after the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E. At the earliest it could have been built in 170 B.C.E., shortly before the Hasmonean Revolt, because it is always referred to as the Temple of Onias (Ḥonia in Hebrew).
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15110.html
Antiochus IV plunders & desecrated the Jerusalem Temple, erected an altar of Zeus.
Antiochus IV abolishes Temple worship in Jerusalem; attempts to force Judeans to eat pork.
Revolt by the Maccabees
Babylon - Book of Daniel written.
Judea - Rise of Sadducees & Pharisees.
Judea - Book of Maccabees (in Hebrew).
Judea - Book of Enoch
Judea - Book of Jubilees
Judea - Book of 1 Esdras
Judea - Letter of Aristeas
Judea - Revolt of the Pharisees
Pompey imports Mithraism into Rome.
Rome makes Syria a Roman province.
The following books were all written between 150-20 BCE: Baruch, Bel and the Dragon, Susanna, Additions to the Book of Esther, Judith, Letter of Jeremiah, Prayer of Azariah, Prayer of Manasseh, Psalm 151, Tobit, Wisdom of Solomon, 1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, 4 Baruch, Books of Adam and Eve, Life of Adam and Eve, Story of Ahikar, Apocalypse of Adam, Apocalypse of Moses, Enoch (another version), Joseph and Aseneth, Book of Jubilees, Letter of Aristeas, Martyrdom of Isaiah, Revelation of Esdras, Second Treatise of the Great Seth, Testament of Abraham, Testament of Solomon, Sibylline Oracles, Assumption of Moses, Syriac Baruch, Greek Baruch, Psalter of Solomon, Histories of Adam and Eve, Apocalypse of Abraham, Apocalypse of Elias, Apocalypse of Zephaniah, Prayer of Joseph, Lives of the Prophets, Testament of Job, Martyrdom of Isaiah, 3rd and 4th Esdras, Story of the Three Youths, Manual of Discipline, Damascus Document, Thanksgiving Hymns, Genesis Apocryphon, War Scroll, Temple Scroll, hundreds of Qumran commentaries.
Rome - Caesar declared god by Senate by a ritual of apotheosis.
Judea - Herod becomes king.
Hillel and Shammai
King Herod begins construction of Temple modifications (will be completed in 63 CE.)
Birth of Jesus.
Temple was built in Samaria (modern Nablus), on Mt. Gerizim.
Samaria Temple Mt. Gerizim
The Samaritans built it in the middle of 5th century BCE
They argued that this was the real location of the First Temple which had been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar.
It was destroyed by either John Hyrcanus in the 2nd century BCE (according to Josephus) or by Simeon the Just (according to the Talmud).
Death of King Herod
Judea, Samaria and Idumea come under direct Roman administration.
Rome increases control over Judea and limits authority of Jewish officials.
Execution of Jesus by Romans
Jerusalem Council
Antioch – 1st time the word Christian is used (outsiders called followers of Paul)
Judea - Sacrifices for Roman emperor halted at Temple
Beginning of First Jewish Revolt.
End of Israelite Temple Religion -- Jerusalem Temple destroyed
Establishment of Jewish center at Yavneh.
Josephus writes The Jewish War
End of First Jewish Revolt
Gamaliel II excludes sectarians from the synagogues (Yavneh
Rabbis at Yavneh close canon with acceptance of final books of Ketuvim.
Bar Kocheba Rebellion begins
Emperor Hadrian defeats Bar Kocheba, renames Jerusalem and outlaws Jewish religion.
Jews must pay taxes to support the Temple of Jupiter.
Marcion creates first known New Testament in Rome.
Rabbi Judah HaNasi (Galilee) begins word of recording Oral Law (Mishnah).
Mithra, Sun god, proclaimed as Protector of the Roman empire and imperial house.
Beginning of Modern Christianity -- Council of Nicea & first Nicaean Creed
Christians begin to celebrate December 25th as birth of Jesus.
Early Midrashim written
Jerusalem Talmud
Beginning of Rabbinic Judaism: Babylonian Talmud; includes first account of miracle of oil in story of Hanukkah.
Masoretes begin work on creating Masoretic Hebrew Text that will end in 900.
Muhammad born Mecca.
Muhammad writes Koran at age 40.
Library of Alexandria with its 300,000 manuscripts completely destroyed.
Karaite Judaism (Babylon). Rejects authority of the Oral Law.
Masoretic text of Hebrew Bible finalized.
Great Schism: Roman Catholic Church & Eastern Orthodox Church divide.
Beginning of Crusades
Beginning of the Inquisition (ends in 1700) - Innocent III claims the right to depose kings.
Germany - Gutenberg Bible printed (invention of printing press)
Christian expulsion of Jews from Spain
This event marked a significant and tragic moment in Jewish history, leading to the departure of an estimated 175,000 Jews and the near extinction of the Jewish community in Spain.
Columbus discovers America
Martin Luther protest against Indulgencies – beginning of Protestantism (Germany)
Martin Luther creates Lutheran Church.
Luther preaches against Jews and his writings will be used by Nazis against Jews.
Roman Catholic Church burns hundreds of thousands of Jewish books & rare manuscripts.
Birth of Shakespeare
Queen ordered inquisition in London to find any who held "heretical opinions, like the Anabaptists.
King James Bible published
Arrival of first Jews in New Amsterdam (New York)
Hasidism (Ba'al Shem Tov - Ukraine and Poland)
Beginning of American Revolution - ends 1781
Declaration of Independence
Reform Judaism (Germany). God reveals His will through human reason and moral striving.
Orthodox Judaism (Europe) affirms God revealed His will at Sinai in Written and an Oral forms.
Birth of Sigmund Freud
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.
April 12 - Confederate army fires on Ft. Sumter – beginning of Civil War - ends in 1865.
Beginning of American Civil War - ends 1865
Baha'i Faith (Mizra Husayn-Ali - Tehran, Persia)
End of Civil War – 1,094,453 Americans died & war cost $6.2 billion. Southern churches blame loss on drunkenness, card playing, cussing, and dancing among southern Christians.
Vatican I - affirms doctrine of papal infallibility (i.e. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or morals he does so with the supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic may question or reject).
Union of American Hebrew Congregations (Reform) established in US.
National Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Conservative Judaism (USA). Humans wrote the texts of the tradition. Nobody needs to pretend that the Bible derives from one source
Only 20 manuscripts of NT known to exist.
World War I (ends in 1918)
Adolph Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
World War II begins (ends 1945)
Nag Hammadi Library discovered
First Dead Sea Scrolls discovered
Humanistic Judaism (USA). Reject claim that the Bible is the word of God; it was written solely by humans in an ignorant, superstitious, and cruel age.
Vatican II
Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (Daniel Juster)
Secular Humanism (Paul Kurtz)
